E pili ana i ka Virus a me ka pale pale maikaʻi loa:

A mea hoʻomaʻi he submicroscopic ʻākena maʻi lele ia kope kope i loko wale nō o ka mea e ola ana nā pūnaewele a ke kino. Hoʻopili nā virus i nā mea āpau ʻano ola, mai nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i nā meaʻano, me bacteria a archaea. No ka mea ʻO Dmitri Ivanovsky'atikala 1892 e wehewehe ana i ka non-bacterial pāhoehoe maʻi maʻi paka a me ka loaʻa o ka virus mosaic paka by Martinus Beijerinck i 1898, ʻoi aku ma mua o 9,000 mau ʻano virus i wehewehe ʻia i ke kikoʻī o nā ʻano miliona o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ke kaiapuni. ʻIke ʻia nā maʻi he ʻ aneʻane i kēlā me kēia ke kaiaola ma ka Honua a ʻo ia ka ʻano nui o nā mea olaola. ʻIke ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i nā virus virology, kahi kōkua o microbiology.

Ke loaʻa ʻia ka maʻi, koi ʻia kahi pūnaewele hoʻokipa e hana wikiwiki i nā kope he kope o ka maʻi kumu. Ke komo ʻole i loko o kahi hunaola a i ʻole i ke kaʻina o ka maʻi ʻana i kahi hunaola, aia nā virus ma ke ʻano o nā huna kūʻokoʻa, a i ʻole mea hoʻomaʻi, nona nā (i) ka mea hoʻoili kino, ie, lōʻihi nā moleikiki of DNA or RNA hana i ka encode o ke kinona o nā polokina a ka mea hoʻomaʻi e hana ai; (ii) a kumuʻiʻo palule, ka ʻūpiki, e hoʻopuni ana a pale i nā mea kūlohelohe; a i kekahi mau hihia (iii) kahi i waho envelopp of Nā lipopō.

ʻO nā kinona o kēia mau huna ʻili mai ka maʻalahi helika a icosahedral hana i nā hanana paʻakikī hou aʻe. Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā ʻano virus i nā mea liʻiliʻi e ʻike ʻia me ka microscope ʻōnohi, ʻoiai he hoʻokahi haneli haneli ka nui o nā bacteria.

Ke kumu o nā virus i ka moʻolelo mōʻaukala o ke ola maopopo leʻa: loaʻa paha i kekahi ua hoʻololiʻia mai plasmids-ʻĀpana o ka DNA i hiki ke neʻe ma waena o nā hunaola - ʻoiai ua ulu aʻe kekahi mai nā bacteria. I ka loli, he mea nui nā virus hoʻoili gen papamoe, e hoʻonui nei ʻokoʻa lāhui i kahi ʻano like me hoʻoipoipo kolohe. 

Manaʻo ʻia nā virus e kekahi nā kālaimeaola he ʻano ola, no ka mea lawe lākou i nā mea kūmole, hana hou, a hoʻololi i loko koho koho, ʻoiai nele lākou i nā ʻano kī, e like me ke kūkulu ʻana o ka pūnaewele, i manaʻo nui ʻia he mau paepae kūpono no ka wehewehe ʻana ola. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana iā lākou i kekahi mau ʻano akā ʻaʻole i like nā ʻano like ʻole, ua wehewehe ʻia nā mea ʻino ma ke ʻano he "meaola ma ka lihi o ke ola", a me nā mea hana ponoʻī.

Hoʻolahalaha nā virus ma nā ʻano he nui. ʻO hoʻokahi ala i lawe ʻia ma o nā meaola maʻi i ʻike ʻia poloka: ʻo kahi laʻana, hoʻoili pinepine ʻia nā mea ʻino mai nā mea kanu a nā mea kanu e nā mea kolo e ʻai ana kohu kanu, e like me Aphids; a hiki ke hāpai ʻia nā virus i nā holoholona omo koko nā mea kolo. Nā mea hoʻomaʻi Influenza hoolaha aku i ka lewa e ka puʻe ʻana a me ka ʻū ʻana. Norovirus a rotavirus, nā kumu maʻamau o ka maʻi viral ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, hoʻoili ʻia e ka ala hele wāwae – waha, hala ma ka pili lima ʻana i ka waha a i ʻole ka meaʻai a wai paha.

ka mahele lāʻau lele o norovirus koi ʻia e hana i ka maʻi i nā kānaka ma lalo o 100 mau huna. HIV ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea ʻino i lawe ʻia ma o pili pili kino a ma ke kū ʻana i ke koko maʻi. ʻO ke ʻano o nā pūnaewele hoʻokipa i hiki i ka maʻi maʻi ke hoʻopili i kapa ʻia ʻo “laulā hoʻokipa". Hiki i kēia ke ololi, ʻo ia hoʻi he hiki i ka virus ke hoʻopilikia i kekahi mau ʻano, a ākea paha, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki iā ia ke maʻi i nā mea he nui.

Hoʻonāukiuki nā maʻi virus i nā holoholona immune pane hoʻopau maʻamau i ka maʻi hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hiki ke hoʻopuka ʻia nā pane pale pale na nā lāʻau āpau, ka mea nāna e hoʻolilo an Loaʻa kūlohelohe i ka maʻi maʻi virus kikoʻī. ʻO kekahi mau mea ʻino, e like me nā kumu o ka maʻi ʻaʻai, Maʻi HPV, a hepatitis viral, pale i kēia mau pane pale a hopena i maʻi nā maʻi maʻi. Nā papa he nui o lāʻau antiviral ua hoʻomohala ʻia.

ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao

No ka ʻōlelo Latina ka neuter virus e pili ana kaona a me nā wai ʻino ʻino ʻē aʻe, mai ka like Kahua Indo-ʻEulopa as ʻŌlelo Sanskrit viṣa, ʻAvestan vīša, a Helene kahiko ἰός (nā manaʻo ʻona ʻokoʻa '), ʻo ka mua hooiaioia i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania i ka makahiki 1398 i ʻO John Trevisa's unuhi o ʻO Bartholomeus Anglicus's De Proprietatibus Rerum. Mea hoʻomaʻi, mai ka Lākina mai virulentus ('ʻona'), nā lā i c. 1400. Kuhi ʻia kahi manaʻo o ka 'agena e kumu i nā maʻi laha' i ka makahiki 1728, ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi ʻino e ʻO Dmitri Ivanovsky ma 1892.

ʻO ka Pelekania lehulehu is nā maʻi maʻi (kekahi manawa kekahi kūlou), ʻoiai ka huaʻōlelo Latina a lehulehu inoa, ka mea ʻaʻohe ma keʻano maʻamau hooia lehulehu (vīra hoʻohanaʻia ʻO Neo-Lakina). ʻO ka adjective viral nā lā a hiki i ka makahiki 1948. Ke kau virion (lehulehu mea hoʻomaʻi), mai nā makahiki 1959 mai, hoʻohana ʻia ia e kuhikuhi i kahi ʻāpana viral hoʻokahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka pūnaewele a hiki ke hoʻopili i nā hunaola ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano like.

mō'aukala

louis pasteur ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i kahi agena no ka rabies a kuhi e pili ana i kahi pathogen liʻiliʻi loa e ʻike ʻia e microscope. I ka makahiki 1884, ka poʻe Palani mea hana mūmūmū Charles Chamberland haku ʻia ka Kānana Chamberland (a i ʻole kānana Pasteur-Chamberland) me nā pores liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i nā koʻohune āpau mai kahi hopena i hala i loko. I ka 1892, ua hoʻohana ka biologist Lūkini ʻo Dmitri Ivanovsky i kēia kānana e hoʻopaʻa i ka mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ka virus mosaic paka: nā lālā lau i haki ʻia mai nā mea kanu paka i loaʻa i ka infectious ma hope o ka kānana e hemo i nā bacteria.

ʻ suggestedlelo ʻo ʻIvovsky i ka maʻi e loaʻa ʻia i ka a ia hana ʻia e ka bacteria, akā ʻaʻole ia i alualu i ka manaʻo. I ka manawa i manaʻo ʻia he hiki ke mālama ʻia nā ʻākena maʻi āpau e nā kānana a ulu ʻia ma kahi ʻano mea momona — ʻo kēia kahi ʻāpana o ka kumumanaʻo germ o ka maʻi. I ka 1898, ka mea microbiologist Hōlani Martinus Beijerinck 'ōlelo hou i nā hoʻokolohua a lilo i mea paʻa i ka hopena o ka kānana i loko o kahi agena infectious hou. 

Ua nānā ʻo ia i ka manawa i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka agena i loko o nā pūnaewele e māhelehele ana, akā ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kāna mau hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia i nā ʻāpana, kapa ʻia ʻo ia he contagium vivum fluidum (soluble germ germ) a hoʻōla hou i ka huaʻōlelo mea hoʻomaʻi. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Beijerinck i ka wai o nā virus i ke kūlohelohe, kahi kumumanaʻo i hoʻowahāwahā ʻia e ʻO Wendell Stanley, ka mea i hōʻoia he ʻāpana.^[25] I ka makahiki like, ʻO Friedrich Loeffler a ua hala ʻo Paul Frosch i ka maʻi maʻi holoholona mua, aphthovirus (ka ʻākena o maʻi maʻi wāwae a me ka waha), ma o kahi kānana like.^[27]

I ke kenekulia 20 mua, ka bacteriologist ʻEnelani ʻO Frederick Twort ʻike i kahi hui o nā mea ʻino e hoʻopili i nā bacteria, i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa bacteriophages (a i ʻole 'phages' maʻamau), a me ka microbiologist Palani-Kanada ʻO Félix d'Herelle ho'ākāka 'ia nā mea hoʻomaʻi ke hoʻohui ʻia i nā koʻohune ma an papa agar, e hoʻopuka i nā wahi o ka bacteria make. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe pololei ʻo ia i kahi kau o kēia mau mea ʻino a ʻike ʻo nā dilutions kiʻekiʻe (nā hoʻohaʻahaʻa virus ʻoi loa), ma mua o ka luku ʻana i nā koʻohune āpau, hana i nā wahi discrete o nā meaola make.

ʻO ka helu ʻana i kēia mau ʻāpana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu dilution i ʻae iā ia e helu i ka nui o nā mea ʻino i ke kau kumu. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia nā pae ma ke ʻano he kūpono kūpono no nā maʻi e like me typhoid a ʻo Cholera, akā poina kā lākou hoʻohiki me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o penikila. Ke hoʻomohala o kūpaʻa koʻohune i nā antibiotic ua hoʻohou hou i ka hoihoi i ka hoʻohana therapeutic o bacteriophages.

Ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua wehewehe ʻia nā virus ma nā ʻano o kā lākou maʻi lele, ko lākou hiki ke hala i nā kānana, a me kā lākou koi no nā mea hoʻokipa ola. Ua ulu wale nā ​​virus i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. I ka makahiki 1906 ʻO Ross Granville Harrison hana i kahi hana no nā mea ulu e ulu ana in lymph, a ma 1913 E. ua hoʻohana ʻo E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, a me RA Lambert i kēia ʻano hana e ulu Vaccinia virus i nā ʻāpana o ka guinea pig corneal tissue. I ka makahiki 1928, ua ulu ʻo HB Maitland a me MC Maitland i kahi maʻi hoʻomaʻamaʻa puʻupaʻu ma ke kāpae ʻia ʻana o nā puʻupaʻa moa moa. ʻAʻole i lawe ākea ʻia kā lākou hana a hiki i nā makahiki 1950 ke maʻi maʻi polio ua ulu ma kahi pālākiō nui no ka hana lāʻau koʻokoʻo.

Ua hele mai kekahi hanana hou i 1931 i ka wā o ka pathologist ʻAmelika ʻO Ernest William Goodpasture a ʻO Alice Miles Woodruff ulu influenza a me kekahi mau mea hoʻomaʻi ʻē aʻe i nā hua moa momona. I ka 1949, John Franklin Enders, ʻO Thomas Weller, a Frederick Robbins ulu poliovirus i loko o nā kolamu moʻomeheu mai nā kino embryonic hoʻopau ʻia o ke kanaka, ka mea hoʻomaʻi mua e ulu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā kiko holoholona a i ʻole nā ​​hua. Ua hiki i kēia hana Hilary Koprowski, a laila ʻO Jonas Salk, e hana i kahi pono lāʻau lapaʻau polio.

ʻO nā kiʻi mua o nā virus i loaʻa i ka wā i haku ʻia ai microscopy uila uila i 1931 e nā ʻenekinia Kelemania ʻO Ernst Ruska a Max Knoll. I ka makahiki 1935, ka biochemist a me ka virologist ʻAmelika ʻO Wendell Meredith Stanley ua nānā i ka maʻi mosaic paka a ʻike ʻia ua hana ʻia me ka protein. He manawa pōkole ma hope, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia maʻi i nā ʻāpana protein a me RNA. ʻO ka virus mosaic paka ka mea mua crystallized a hiki i kona hanana ke, elucidated ma ke kikoʻī.

ka mua Diffraction X-Ray Ua kiʻi ʻia e Bernal lāua ʻo Fankuchen nā kiʻi o ka maʻi virus crystallized ma 1941. Ma muli o kāna kiʻi X-ray crystallographic, ʻO Rosalind Franklin ua ʻike ʻia ke kinona piha o ka maʻi ma 1955. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat a ʻO Robley Williams ua hōʻike i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia o ka mosaic virus RNA a me kona kapa kime protein e hiki ke ʻākoakoa e lākou iho e hana i nā mea ʻino e hana ana, e ʻōlelo ana ʻo kēia ʻano maʻalahi paha ke ala i hana ʻia ai nā mea ʻino i loko o kā lākou mau pūkana hoʻokipa.

ʻO ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 20 ka makahiki gula o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano holoholona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o nā holoholona, ​​nā mea kanu, a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi koʻohune i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia mau makahiki. I ka 1957 equine arterivirus a me ke kumu o ʻO ka maʻi diovie Bovine (a maʻi ahulau) ua loaʻa. I ka 1963 ka maʻi hoʻomaʻi hepatitis B ua ʻike ʻia e ʻO Baruch Blumberg, a ma 1965 Howard Temin i wehewehe ʻia ka mua retrovirus. 

Hoʻololi transcriptase, ka enzyme hoʻohana nā retroviruses e hana i nā kope DNA o kā lākou RNA, i hōʻike mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1970 e Temin a ʻO David Baltimore kū kaʻawale. I ka makahiki 1983 ʻO Luc Montagnierkime ma ka Keʻena Pasteur i Palani, hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia ka retrovirus i kapa ʻia ʻo HIV. I ka 1989 Michael Houghtonkime ma ʻO Chiron Corporation loaa ka maʻi hepa C

ʻO Origins

ʻIke ʻia nā maʻi ma nā wahi āpau o ke ola a ua noho paha mai ka wā i ulu mua ai nā pūnaewele ola. ʻAʻole maopopo ke kumu o nā virus ma muli o ka hana ʻole o nā fossil nā ʻenehana mole hoʻohana ʻia e nānā pehea lākou i ala ai. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kūmole viral i loko o ka germline o nā meaola hoʻokipa, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻohele pihoihoi i nā keiki a ka mea hoʻokipa no nā hanauna he nui. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi kumu waiwai o ka ʻike no nā paleovirologists e hoʻihoʻi i nā virus i hala a miliona i hala. ʻEkolu manaʻo nui e wehewehe i nā kumu o nā mea ʻino.

Kuhiakau hope

ʻO nā virus he mau huna liʻiliʻi paha ia hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hunaola nui aku. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, nalowale nā ​​gene i koi ʻole ʻia e kā lākou parasitism. ʻO ka bacteria riklika a chlamydia he mau hunaola ola, e like me nā mea ʻino, hiki ke hoʻohua i loko wale nō o nā pūnaewele hoʻokipa. Hāʻawi lākou i ke kākoʻo i kēia kuhiakau, no ka mea ʻo ko lākou kaukaʻi ʻana i ka parasitism ka mea i lilo i nā genes i hiki ai iā lākou ke ola ma waho o kahi hunaola. Kāhea ʻia kēia ʻo ka 'kuhiakau degeneracy', a i ʻole 'kuhiakau hōʻemi'.

Kuhiakau kope kumu

Ua ulu paha kekahi mau mea ʻino mai nā ʻāpana o DNA a i ʻole RNA i "pakele" mai nā ʻāpana o kahi meaola nui aʻe. ʻO ka DNA i pakele ke hiki mai plasmids (nā ʻāpana o DNA ʻōlohelohe i hiki ke neʻe ma waena o nā pūnaewele) a i ʻole nā transposon (nā molekiola o DNA e kope a neʻe a puni i nā kūlana ʻokoʻa i loko o nā ʻāpana o ke kele). I ka manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo "gening jumping", transposons he laʻana o nā ʻōnaehana genetika lawe lima a hiki i ke kumu o kekahi mau virus. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou i ka maize e ʻO Barbara McClintock i 1950. Kēia kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo ka 'hyprancy hypothess', a i ʻole ke kuhiakau 'pakele'.

ʻO ke olakino ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui loa! (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ka poʻe i kēia ke hōʻike ʻia lākou i kahi maʻi a virus paha. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

A pehea e hoʻolaha ai nā mea ʻino?

Ma o nā mikamina a me nā koʻohune, no laila ke kuhi:

Inā ʻaʻole mākou e pale iā mākou iho iā lākou, ʻaʻole hiki ke hemo i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi ʻino. A e haʻi mākou iā ʻoe i kekahi o nā ala HOW maikaʻi loa. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Ke komo nei i nā mikina lima e hōʻalo ai i nā grobia. Pili ia i ka hoʻohana maʻamau o kēlā me kēia lā a keu hoʻi i kekahi maʻi hoʻohaunaele. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

E wehewehe kēia blog i nā hana e pono ai ʻoe e komo i nā mīkina lima, he aha ke ʻano o nā mīkina lima āu e komo ai no kēlā me kēia hana, a pehea e pale ai kēia hana iā ʻoe mai nā virus. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

ʻO ka ʻepekema maʻalahi ma hope o nā mīkina lima no ka pale virus

Pono nā bacteria e hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai kahi papa i hoʻohaumia ʻia i ka ʻili kanaka. Ke loaʻa kahi "āpana" ma waena o ʻelua mau papa, ua liʻiliʻi ka manawa o ka hoʻolilo. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Hāʻawi nā mīkina lima i kēia 'āpana'.

Akā aia kahi mea nui e noʻonoʻo ai ma aneʻi.

ʻOiai ke komo nei i nā mīkina lima hiki ke mālama i kou kino me ka ʻole o nā g germ, hiki nō hoʻi iā lākou ke lilo i kumu no ka loaʻa ʻana iā lākou.

Pehea? (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

E noho mau nā mikilima ma ka ʻili o nā mīkina lima a inā pili kou mau ʻāpana o ke kino, e like me ka helehelena, i nā mīkina lima, e hoʻoili ʻia nā mikrob iā ʻoe. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

No kēia kumu, he mea nui loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mikina lima i ka wā o kekahi mau hana a hoʻolei iā lākou (e hoʻolei iā lākou a holoi paha iā lākou) ma hope koke o ka pau ʻana, e akahele ana i ka ʻole o kou lima e hoʻopā i nā ʻāpana kino ʻē aʻe i ka wā o ka hana. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Eia pehea e lilo ai i mea kōkua ke komo i nā mīkina lima i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Nā ʻano o nā mīkina lima no ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi

1. Loan holoi holoi holoi

ʻOiai inā hoʻolaha nā aupuni quantine e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻohana i ko lākou mau home, e hoʻomau lākou i ka ʻai ʻana mai nā pā a me nā pola, ʻeā? (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Ke kaniʻu a ʻeha paha nā lālā o kou ʻohana i ka wā e ʻai ana, hiki i nā mikamina he nui ke hele i luna o ka ʻoki o ka mea ʻoki. I mea e pale aku ai i kou mau lima mai ka launa pū ʻana me nā pākaukau i loaʻa i ka maʻi, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka pākaukau a holoi i nā pā i ke komo ʻana i nā mīkina lima. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Ma waho o ka mālama ʻana iā ʻoe mai ka hopu ʻana i nā g germ, loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi ʻē aʻe i kēia mau mīkina lima. Pale ia i ka maloʻo o ka ʻili a me ke anuanu ma muli o ka holoi mau ʻana, hāʻawi i kahi paʻa maikaʻi aʻe ma nā pā a hiki ke mālama ʻoluʻolu. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

2. Nā mīkina lima pipi

He mau virus paha a mea ʻino paha kāu mau holoholona i loko o ko lākou kino. Inā ʻoe e holoi a hānai paha iā lākou me ka lima ʻole, aia kahi manawa e hiki ai ke hoʻoili ʻia kēia mau mikamina iā ʻoe, no laila e ʻaʻa mau nā mīkina lima hoʻonani hānai holoholona. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Hiki i kēia mau mīkina lima ke hopu maikaʻi i nā lauoho ākea āpau a me nā ʻōpala i ka hulu mai kou mau lima a hāʻawi pū i kahi lomilomi maikaʻi a hoʻoluʻolu hoʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kāhulu i ka hulu o kāu holoholona me kēia nā pūkeke. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

3. Loanima māla

He aha inā e honi a kuha aku paha kekahi i ka lepo a i ʻole mauʻu i ka māla a ʻike ʻole ʻoe e hoʻopā aku iā ʻoe e hana ana i ka mahiʻai? (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

E hāpai ana kou kino i kēia mau microbes i loko o kēlā wai, a hiki iā lākou ke ʻimi maʻalahi i loko o kou kino ma o kou ihu a me kou waha. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

A kumu ia i ka maʻi viral nā maʻi a me nā maʻi. Nā mīkina lima māla he hana kūpono e hōʻalo ai i kēia kūlana. Pale pū lākou i kou lima i nā kākalaioa a kōkua i ka ʻeli ʻana a hana i nā ala hua. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Akā e nānā pono e holoi iā lākou ma hope o ka hoʻohana. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

ʻO nā mīkina lima hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka ʻili

Hiki i kēlā mau mīkina lima ke pale iā ʻoe mai ka lawe ʻana i ka maʻi ma nā hanana like ʻole. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Ke ʻili ʻana i nā mea ʻai e like me ka turnip a me kaʻuala (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Ke ʻānai ʻana i ka mop, kapeta a kapeti paha (pale pale maʻi maikaʻi loa)

ʻOiai e hemo ana i nā kaha lepo maloʻo ma nā kāmaʻa (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

Ke ʻili ʻana i ka tuna a i ʻole nā ​​salakeke salmon (pale pale maikaʻi loa)

Me kahi o nā nā hāmeʻa kīhini ʻoi loa, hana ia ma ke 'ano he pale i nā pale e hāpai ana i nā virus (nā uala, nā turnipa, nā kapeta, nā kāmaʻa, nā iʻa) a no laila e mālama iā ʻoe mai ka hopu ʻana iā lākou. (pale virus maikaʻi loa)

5. Nā mīkina lima Nitrile Disposable

No ka mea ua hoʻohana mua ʻia kēia mau mīkina lima i ka ʻoihana olakino, hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo iā lākou he kauka a kahu hānai paha. Hoʻokomo nā limahana mālama ola iā lākou e pale aku i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma waena o nā maʻi maʻi a me lākou iho. (ka palekana virus maikaʻi loa)

ʻO kēlā me kēia e mālama ana i ka mea maʻi ma ka home a i ʻole ka haukapila e komo mau i nā mīkina lima kīnā ʻole. I ka hanana o a pohā koke o viral, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​kauka, akā hiki i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ke komo.

Akā nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ka poʻe e hoʻopā iā lākou iho me kēia mau mīkina lima, inā ʻaʻole ia e lawe i ke kiko o ke kau ʻana iā lākou ma mua.

ʻAe, hiki iā ʻoe ke disinfect a hoʻohana hou.

Nā laina panina

No laila, ua aʻo ʻoe i kēia lā e pili ana i kahi hana kūpono e pale ai i ka maʻi?

Manaʻo mākou ua hana ʻoe. Palekana iā ʻoe iho a me kāu poʻe i aloha ʻia mai nā g germ me kēia ʻano hana pale maʻamau.

Eia kekahi, mai poina i ka pin / bookmark a kipa i kā mākou moʻomanaʻo no ka ʻike hou aku hoihoi a maoli.